Critical Reading and Response on the Article “Letting Go” Essay

In the article â€Å"Letting Go† that was being published in The New Yorker, Atul Gawande addresses the issues regarding to the current medical care system that fails to meet the needs of the patients with terminal illness. Gawande points out that the patients want to spend more quality time with their family members and having some special last moments rather than struggling to stay alive when they know that the chances are thin. Knowing the time to let go was one of the crucial part of the art of dying which people nowadays has forgotten. Gawande argues that choosing the hospice care would sometimes be a better choice for the terminally ill patients. He uses statistics such that the patients that choose hospice lives longer or than other patients and they tend to suffer lesser to support his argument. Hospice care tends to go with less pain treatment and focuses on the needs of the patients. It increases the quality of life of the patients during the last moments of their live. The patients’ family members are less likely to suffer from depression when they have chosen to go with the hospice care mainly because they have prepared themselves to face the death of the patient when time has come. Gawande’s argument is that the medical care system nowadays fails to meet the needs of the patients. His argument is convincing because he appeals to the emotions of his reader through both his own and others experience and statistics. Gawande reels in his readers’ attention and interest through some of the real life experience before he educates them. That makes it easier for the readers to absorb what Gawande is trying to deliver to his audience. In order to make it even more convincing, Gawande uses two extreme cases as a comparison to prove his point that hospice care would be the better choice for terminally ill patients. He uses the story of the â€Å"lucky† guy-Dave Galloway who died â€Å"at home, at peace, and surrounded by family† contrast with the poor old lady-Lee Cox who was died due to cardiac arrest and followed by a series of actions to bring her back to live. â€Å"They pulled off her clothes and pumped her chest, put a tube in her airway and forced oxygen into her lungs, and tried to see if they could shock her heart back† (Gawande 133). Such contrast comparison and strong words that would impact the readers’ thoughts on how the process of death can vary through different circumstances. After that, he again embraces the benefits of choosing hospice care rather than going to hospital for intensive medical treatments. Other than that, Gawande uses research statistics to support his argument. â€Å"A study led by the Harvard researcher Nicholas Christakis found out that sixty-three percent of doctors overestimated survival time and the average estimate was 530 percent too high† (Gawande 136). The statistics shows that how the medical system is failing to help the patients to get a grasp on how much time they still have in order to achieve the things that they want in live before their last breath. Since the research was carried out within the well-known institution-Harvard University, readers tend to believe the statistics more and agree upon Gawande’s view. By doing this, Gawande was trying to point out the flaw in our medical system so that his reader would be agreeing upon his argument. Gawande also uses different statistics to support his argument. â€Å"Executives at Aetna, the insurance company, started a two-year study on letting a group of policyholders with a life expectancy of less than a year to receive hospice services without forgoing other treatments. The result is that the people that have chosen hospice service leaped from 26 percent to 70 percent† (Gawande 142). The result shows that people were visiting the hospital lesser after they were introduced to hospice care. Gawande was trying to use the statistics to tell the readers that there were a lot of people that was in the same situation as they are, and they have chosen hospice care over hospital treatment after trying it. That implies that the hospice care would benefit the patients more than the hospital would. The overall structure of the Gawande’s article was well organized. He was able to convince his readers by giving a main idea of what he is trying to deliver through stories and then continue by some straight-forward points that he made. He then supports his arguments with examples to further enhance his point. The wording that he uses is simple yet it gives the readers some images that connect with their emotion. For example, â€Å"Sara would always arrive smiling, makeup on and bangs bobby-pinned out of her eyes. She’d find small things to laugh about, like the tubes that created strange protuberance under her dress† (Gawande 137). Gawande was trying to show that how sad it could be when a person is going through those surgery and treatment in order to get â€Å"fixed†. He would then use that emotion to bring up the point that is other solution to this problem which is the hospice care. I do think that the current medical care system doesn’t meet the needs of the patients as there are some miscommunications between doctors and their patients. Doctors were always looking at the bright side of the illness of their patients which is good in some sense but at the same time, they have to prepare the patients for their worst case scenario. It is hard for the patients to accept the truth that their illness were beyond â€Å"repair† and doctors educate them to accept the truth so that they could go through a less torturing path for their spare life. So, what I am trying to say is that we shouldn’t lose hope but at the same time we have to prepare our self for the worst outcome. If prolonging the patients’ life means that they have to suffer from surgeries and treatment that they need until the end of their life, why not just do things that are more meaningful? Despite all the flaws that we had in our current medical care system, hospice care seems to be the solution for the problem because it offers comfort and satisfaction in the ending life of the patients.

People Naturally Walk in Circles Essay

The article  ¨People naturally walk in circles ¨ by Emily Sohn, represents an important research when trying to completely understand human behavior and specifically, to have an idea of how our brain manages decision making, order of actions, communication and reasoning. Humans, apparently start walking in circles when we cannot see an external focal point, the moon and the sun represent some examples. In fact, when I first read the article, I was hoping to find a concrete explanation for this problem. However, soon after I knew that so many factors came into play when trying to follow a straight path. When trying to associate these investigations with other aspects of our behavior, I found out that we always find ourselves in need of a sort of a guide in order to fallow a straight line, or in other words, to do what we think is right for our own benefit. Every time we are about to make a decision, we try to find a guide, sometimes this involves getting help from others. Usually, people who get help will most likely make a better decision rather the ones who worked alone without a guide. Personally, I really think this is a big concern, given that there are no answers for such theory. Although I expected to hear from a solution, I found the article very interesting in the end, this represents another big reason why our brain and our anatomy in general is so complicated, therefore studies like this one help us understand ourselves a little bit more, which leads to keep on investigating and learning from it.

Chilean Mine

Over two months trapped underground waiting to be rescued their waiting had finally come to an end on October 13, 2010. Two months ago on August 5th, 2010, in the city of Copiapo, Chile, near the Atacama desert an underground mining had collapsed trapping 33 miners 2300 feet below the surface. Now, given under the circumstances that the mine had a history of previous accidents and deaths, this led everyone to believe that the 33 men underground had died in the rumble. What will become of them?Having to be open-minded in such a gloom situation, was difficult nowing that the miners were still alive and well. There had to be something done to help them. The first thing that needs to be done is understand the crisis or disaster, only after that can a decision is made as how to handle the situation. In a situation like this it is best to appoint someone who can handle the discussions that arise and control the media. someone who can think outside the box and be sincere In executing the ta sk at hand.Someone who Is not afraid to ask questions and Is well versed with business rule: When you cannot answer the question, get someone who can. (Crisis Management 5th Para. Not only will this be the best for the company but for the families of the miners as well. Some considerations to remember is that the audience may be emotionally distressed and when communicating with them about the topic that we are straight forward. There has to be control in such a chaotic situation. Their expectations want to be addressed.How quickly will this be resolved? When will their loved ones come home They want answers, The needs of the families receiving the messages of this incident would want to know that their families would be coming home safely and that there is a plan to get the know out I OF3 saTely. Also, Is tnere a support system to nelp out tne Tamllles going tnrougn t crisis? Some family members, such as the children of those trapped below may need therapy. The families may want to know as well if there will be any compensation for what had happened.Will the company do what's right or Just walk away? Another potential need about receiving a message would be that, is the company safe? What measures have taken place to ensure the safety of the employees? Have preventive measures been taken so it won't happen again? The people would want to know that the company is doing something for their fellow employees trapped below. They would want to see that the company is taking steps to show that they care about what happened to their employees and that something like this would not happen again.Actions that would be taken before delivering the message is make sure that the one person appointed is an expert to read a memo and handle any questions that arise in the public. Also, at times of chaos there has to some level of comfort, tell them what they would want to hear. Letting them know that their loved ones are well, and that all steps are being taken to bring them h ome safely can bring them some ease. In any crisis or tragedy there are precautions take and how to handle the situation.The main concern is, how is the message being delivered and how the audience will will react to it. The key component is to communicate and show sympathy for the employees and families. Such a message would be delivered in person, face to face especially with the families involved. Another way would be to broad cast it so that city sees your trying to do what is best to bring them home safely. To hide behind letters and not be a around shows no empathy or concerns for the individuals that are involved. Our thoughts and prayers go out to those affected by this tragedy.Memo to Family Members and Employees As you may have heard on August 5th, 2010, there was a tragic accident in the mines of Chile located deep in the Atacama desert. The mine had caved in trapping 33 of our miners 2300 feet underground. They are working diligently to find the men and ensure that they have enough food and water to help them while they wait to be rescued. There are three large teams including the expertise of N. A. S. A working on ensuring their safe return to their loved ones. We know that working in the mining usiness can often be hard and cruel but I assure we are doing everything possible to bring them home.As more information or changes develop, the families will be the first to be notified and if there are any questions or needs please feel free to contact us. Our thoughts and prayers are with you and your loved ones.

Critical Analysis of Lisbon Treaty Literature review

Critical Analysis of Lisbon Treaty - Literature review Example The Lisbon Treaty came out as the amendment of the existing EU treaties to address concerns of the group of countries and people, who had earlier rejected the constitution treaty, for the option of the retaining their national sovereignty. It was signed on 13 December 2007, by the EU leaders in Lisbon after thorough work out at intergovernmental conference, previously held in July the same year (Archick and Mix, 2010, p. 3). Lisbon treaty worked towards clarifying the responsibilities and the way forward for the EU, and clearly informing the society of its main objective as an institution. Most of the proposed plans intended to be approved in the constitution treaty were reflected in the Lisbon treaty. According to Archick and Mix, â€Å"analysts assessed that over 90% of the substance of the constitutional treaty had been preserved in the Lisbon Treaty† (2010, p. 3). In the treaty, issues of EU legal personality, which extend to emphasize the concept of individuals from EU me mber states to be EU citizen, are addressed as stated in article 8 of provisions on democratic principles in Lisbon treaty. It also paved way for changes in voting system to embrace Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) in effective decision making. Two extra posts exist created in the treaty for the permanent president of the European council and foreign policy post. The structural change in the EU commission altered the decision process of the EU council, giving new power to the European parliament, extending ECJ powers into home affairs and in return, affecting areas in judicial, human rights, and foreign policies (civitas.org.uk, 2011). The Lisbon treaty could have been effective much earlier, but some EU member states delayed the ratification of the treaty till 2009, when all the member states gave their approval. Democratic Deficit The European Union institutional structure has been accused of lacking proper procedure in decision making, which affects all member states once an issue is approved or rejected. Some countries and regions have no influence in the decisions made, which only end up being under the control of powerful states. The Lisbon treaty has been termed as one strategy in an attempt to cure democratic deficit in the European Union. However, even if the treaty has been ratified, some countries have done so in conditions that for some areas of application, they have an option to rely on their individual consent as a nation. According to Klenanc, democratic deficit occurs when the competence shifts from a national level to a supranational level, preventing smooth integration of the EU (2011, p. 14). The council of European Union and European commission, European parliament, European Central Bank, and European court of justice has been exercising specific powers, enough to block one group from being considered in reaching at a crucial decision. As a result, the institutions can be termed to lack accountability, and for some, the legitimacy as indivi dual member states. European Parliament before the Lisbon Treaty The European parliament has always been on evolution, seeking to strengthen its powers in several legislative areas. As many perceived it, it only began as a deliberative organ with few national members as delegates, but later recognized as the only European organ with

Did strategy drive war or did war drive strategy in early modern and Essay

Did strategy drive war or did war drive strategy in early modern and modern France - Essay Example ue Protestants in France while helping Protestant organizations abroad— so as well did strategy turned out to be restrained.iii The bloodbath of the Thirty Years’ War gave way to wars fought for ‘reason’, to enlarge the ruler’s interests and through him the entire stateiv: hence the birth of strategy in early modern and modern France. While scholars analyzed old Roman literatures to unearth the element that made the legion indestructible mechanisms of strategy, so too did strategy practitioners revisit the Classical period where in the premise of foreign policy influenced the waging of war.v For some time, the growth of the newly centralized government and the creation of gunpowder seemed to destroy the formidability of fortifications: medieval defenses failed to endure the thrashing of late 15th- or early 16th-century weaponry.vi However, the creation of thoroughly devised geometric buttresses brought back a great deal of the balance. A well-defended kingdom was yet again a strong barrier to attacks, one that would entail a considerable amount of time and energy to weaken. The building of series of fortified towns along an empire’s border was the major peacetime ideas of strategists.vii Strategy started to look more like science than ability, method rather than art. Practitioners, like Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban, a 17th-century French engineer, and baron de Jomini, an 18th-century French military historian and general, pioneered in making war a business of principles, guidelines, and laws.viii Expectedly, these developments overlapped with the construction of military academies and an ever more reforming and scientific inclination--- officers took lessons in military engineering and artillerists took lessons in trigonometry.ix Literature on military strategy mushroomed. Jacques Antoine Hippolyte’s Essai general de tactique, was one of the most insightful works that organized military philosophy, even though Guibert had inclinations of bigger

Personal and professional development plan Assignment

Personal and professional development plan - Assignment Example I am a Bachelor’s Degree Holder (Mathematics & Economics) having graduated from National University of Odeassa I.I Mechnikov in Ukraine. I am also continuing in my second Degree in International Business, as a Third Year student at London School of Business and Finance in United Kingdom. Away from this pack of knowledge, my competence in MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, and Internet have ignited my reliability to undertake any initiative accorded to me in any field of work. My oratory skills are a match of class for my excellent communication and interpersonal skills for working in a multicultural group for I am conversant and proficient in English, Ukrainian, and Russian languages (Beers, S. 2007:78). This empowers my ability to lead successfully a team of competent people to accomplish objectives and the commitment to deliver the results and achieving the goals within stipulated deadlines. My scaling initiatives have earned my trust from colleagues, superiors, and customer s due to positive attitude, integrity, politeness, and compatibility. In these avenues, I have extended an outstanding decision -making skills to solve any emergency problem in a diplomatic manner and in the interest of the entire organization. Key lessons learned from education and training (last 2 years) My education and training have not come with futility as my work experiences have earned me a lesson. For example, as a sales Executive in a show room in Ukraine, these skills were instrumental in achieving higher sales for the showroom due to superior presentation and customer relations skills. The virtue of responsibility has also helped a lot for I performed the assigned duties, such as maintaining inventory, loading and unloading of merchandise, and ensuring customer satisfaction, which assisted in the development of organizational and time management skills. I belief my versatility, not only in holding a valid Driver’s License, my dancing skills of five years have gain ed my far reaching accolades and appreciation. It is this appreciation and ability to have the niche and affinity for clients that drew admiration from my former manager for boosting sales during special occasions. Having people friendly attitude has really defined my professionalism and remains as a virtue to hold for long. Current situation My public relations and business acumen strengthened by my ongoing and never-ending attitude I have for serving, makes me proud and can declare that I have personal and professional strengths. However, as much as I would want to walk the tightrope of professionalism head on, I am aware of the hurdles I would face and the challenges. Overcoming all these situations successfully as they unfold is what shall define me as a valuable resource. To be a well-baked individual in my current situation, I have learnt that the faster I would learn to embrace consistency, practice, patience, tolerance, and professional assets the best would work out for me. I also have to a bolster up my personal and professional strengths and weaknesses to help me eventually develop an action plan for continuing personal and professional development. As a Cabin Crew Member, I know I am a mandate to be at my best if this chance swings to my side. Personal and profes

Not waving but drowning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not waving but drowning - Essay Example In each of these states, whether European or American, people were experiencing a great deal of alienation and isolation as a result of these tremendous changes. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, to find the desolation and isolation of this period reflected as a major theme in the poetry created during this period such as â€Å"Not Waving but Drowning† by Stevie Smith. The isolation is almost overwhelming in Smith’s poem as she begins with the desolate lonely cry of a man that nobody hears. Although he is introduced as being dead, â€Å"Nobody heard him, the dead man, / But still he lay moaning† (1-2), making himself known to someone. This introduction presents several possibilities as to his true condition. The first is that the man is only symbolically dead, dead on the inside, and so is physically alive and able to moan in his continued pain and loneliness. He could also be so close to death that there is no possibility of saving him before he’s gone, and he’s moaning in anticipation of the inevitable. Another possibility is that he is actually dead, but there remain a few possibilities as to his continued moaning. The pain and anguish of his death might have been too much for him to bear and thus he is still moaning even after death. Finally, the suggestion that nobody heard him invokes the sense of the ghostly, so that perhaps the man is moaning in the form of a ghost, attempting to warn those who can hear of the dangers of allowing individuals to become too isolated from society. The words that Smith provides him in the second portion of this stanza further emphasize the sense of isolation and failed attempts at connection. The dead man says, â€Å"I was much further out than you thought / And not waving but drowning† (3-4). This indicates that whether he was alive or dead, this man never felt as close to his fellow humans as they perceived him to be and, as a result, they were unable to recognize the signs of distress he was sending

Copyright Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Copyright Law Master - Essay Example In many cases, the competition for this standard will be fierce,(n6) because the winner likely will have intellectual property rights in the technology and hence reap a significant reward. Such incentives often are needed for the development of objectively good standards. Yet, as a consequence of granting intellectual property rights, a monopoly is created in a product that Internet users need. Once an Internet technology becomes a standard, how can the owner of the corresponding copyright be prevented from extracting monopoly rents and thereby negating the increase in consumer welfare that the standard created It is an understatement to say that the Internet has become an important communications and commercial network. The large number of Internet consumers grants each user the benefit of network effects -- the effects of a system whose value to a given user increases with the number of users of that system --- a significant externality that affects decisions by potential new participants. Network effects are particularly important with regard to the Internet, because the more users it has, the more valuable it is as an information resource, a communications tool, and a marketplace for goods and services. In fact, the network effect of the Internet would be destroyed were it not for the adoption of common standards to ensure compatible communication. For example, computers use the public domain protocol TCP/IP, which allows the network effect to prosper, because it allows everyone using the Internet to speak the same language. Without such compatibility, email messages would not be readable by, and web pages would not be accessible to, all users; such facile interchange is precisely the value of being on the network in the first place. Thus, the need for compatibility also drives the standardization of Internet protocols and tools, because the network effect requires users to be on the same network. Copyright in the Age of Internet Copyright is a relatively neglected area as far as economists are concerned and it occupies a backseat by comparison to the economic analysis of patents and R&D. This is surprising since it plays a major role in industries that are increasingly important in post-industrial economies, the cultural industries (publishing, sound recording, film, broadcasting) and computer software. It is a fruitful area for the application of law and economics, for modern theories of industrial organisation and for public choice theory. Copyright law provides the institutional framework for markets in the cultural sector of the economy. Each country has its own national copyright law; however, the necessity for that law to be effective with international trade of cultural products has led to harmonisation of copyright across countries. The author may license, assign or sell these fights outright or in part or transfer them to an agent. All such transactions are made through contracts. Only the author's moral right in the work may not be sold or transferred1. The right way to evaluate policy on copyright is to undertake empirical analysis of the economic effects of changes to the law and to see how markets respond to them. It does not seem that this approach has so far even been considered in European policy-making on copyright. Principal-Agent

Interpersonal Conflict in the Film Hitch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Conflict in the Film Hitch - Essay Example In most cases and situations that involve love, interpersonal conflict is inevitable. This usually results to an increased antagonism and misunderstanding between the characters. As observed in the movie, the escalation of emotional tensions resulted to a misunderstanding. The viewer would already know by then that Hitch was really trying to help his client Albert, a nice, socially awkward guy, to get closer to Allegra. On the other hand, Sara is insistent and believes that Hitch is just trying to get women laid by his own clients. It should also be taken as a factor that prior to Sara knowing that Hitch was a date-doctor, both of them were dating as well and were developing a serious relationship. The unmasking of Hitch’s reputation to Sara exacerbated things between them. The problem was that both Hitch and Sara never really saw things from each other’s perspective. Both of them knew and felt that they were correct in their own right. Sara, for the most part, initiall y did not want to understand Hitch’s side of the story. On Hitch’s part, he wanted to show that his methods of dating would work on him, as well as it did with his clients. When their confrontation came, they communicated based on their passion, and not much with their rationality or logic. As a solution to the conflict, both of them could have just agreed to meet privately instead of publicly. In this way, they could both disclose honestly and openly their side of the story and situations that involve love.

Analytical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analytical Paper - Essay Example Moreover, the sign boards and signals that can be seen in both sides of the road helps the driver to be conscious about the importance of limited speed while driving, attention to other vehicles and pedestrians. As the rules and regulations are formulated to help the individual citizen to perform his or her rights and duties in a successful manner, it helps one to be aware of one’s rights while driving or travelling and to be duty minded towards other drivers, travelers and pedestrians. Government and the authorized department on road safety should give importance to public safety and give proper training and education against motor vehicle violence. Besides, education on road rage would help driver to become a responsible driver. The process of widening the Roads is essential because it helps to reduce the chance for traffic congestion in important places. Government must provide financial support for secure roads and make public attentiveness for safe and sound roads. Besides, the authorities must boost the media which expose the misconduct and misbehavior from the drivers while driving and must use it for advertisement and campaign purpose against road rage and safety. Karin Sternberg makes clear that: â€Å"When suddenly enraged drivers commit acts of road rage, they may have a flash of hatred and destructive intent toward those who have harmed them, whether in reality or imagination;† (Sternberg, 2008, p.17) misbehavior while driving create hatred in other drivers and will cause severe problems, reality or imagination. The usage of monitoring equipments like close circuit camera, speed detector, breath analyzer etc can detect violent actions and misbehavior on road and is essential to prevent road rage. The authorities must show keen interest and vigilance to fix cameras on appropriate places and must provide maximum punishment to traffic rule violators who are involved in the road rage activities. Andrea Campbell makes clear that: â€Å"Road rage and

Unsafe practices Essay Example for Free

Unsafe practices Essay 5 people died due to neglect. The main one being a nurse/carer gave the wrong dosage of warfarin to a resident which resulted in the lady being hospitalized and her MAR charts being falsified to hide the mistake, as the carers knew that if the hospital had seen the original MAR charts would have resulted in a CQC inspection and possibly the home being shut down. Nurses would shut door when residents were shouting for help. That resident could have been shouting for any number of reasons but the staff chose to shut the door and not investigate. They put a lady on the toilet and forgot about her, which could have resulted in a serious accident or worse. They also used parcel tape to hold a bandage in place, which when removed could cause skin tears or bruising. The only reason anything came of this is because a carer/nurse left the home and became a whistleblower after she had found 28 separate drug mistakes had been made in one night shift and she was asked to shred the MAR charts for the wafarin incident. 2010-2012 People with learning disabilities were left alone for long periods of time even though some of them had a history of self harming. Staffs were found to have been verbally abusing the residents and one male member of staff physically abused a female resident. These people ensure their trust to carers thinking they are going to get the best possible care. The manager should ensure there is enough staff to cover each shift as night shift was found to be understaffed possibly causing safeguarding issue. An audit showed lack of staff training, lack of planning sufficiently for care of older residents, limited access to activities and poor provision of food and drinks. All of this comes under physical abuse and neglect it also isolates them from bonding together due to the lack of activities so the abuse would go unnoticed for longer as the residents weren’t mixing together and building friendships. As for the food and drinks the residents are entitled to choose what they want and when they want it otherwise it falls into the category institutional abuse In all of these incidents the residents have suffered numerous kinds of abuse which isn’t acceptable. If staff were unsure of what to do they should have asked for further training or guidance.

How advertising affect children obesity Essay Example for Free

How advertising affect children obesity Essay The impact of food advertisement on children’s health and eating behavior is a crucial interest, because of the rapid increase of obesity in children noticed in England, United States and many countries around the world (Reilly J et al, 1999). In addition to that, according to the international obesity task force report that nearly 20% of children (school-age) in Europe are suffering from obesity, Obesity overweight are defined as having an extensive fat accumulation and according to the world health organization obesity is defined also as body mass index greater than or equal to 25 and 30 kgm, in other words overweight and obese happen when calories intake is greater than the number of calories burned during activity and basic metabolic processes. This essay will examine the association between advertising and children obesity with highlighting the effect of the epidemic in the following way the first part will examine the influence of advertising on children in different aspects, and setting out recent data on the association between advertising and children obesity, the second part covers the risk of obesity in term of physical and mental health than the third part examine the different environment where the children’s are targeted and the last part include a recommendation and strategies for an effective prevention and management for the epidemic. A wide range of researches show that food advertising directed for children affect their food choice (Robinson, 2007) and children’s exposure to advertising has increased dramatically over the past years (Ekstrom, 2007). While marketing activities are more used to target tweens and teens, a considerable amount is spent every year by companies to advertise their unhealthy food, the major part was on TV advertisement, for example UK has spent 743 million on food and drinks advertising in 2003 and some data show that this number is increasing (ofcom, 2004). Television is still the most used for children’s aged between 2-13 years old and the advertisements display are still powerfully influencing (Story , 2004) in the way that 2 to 11 years old TV viewers are exposed to about 5500 food publicity yearly in the United States, in other words, 11. 5 minutes per day (Desrochers, 2008), a fact that challenge parents’ roles. According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, it has been argued that advertising for really healthy foods like vegetables and fruits, known as â€Å"Go† products in the USA, are absolutely invisible. As expected most of foods advertised are considerably unhealthy which is high in sugar, salt and fat and low in essential mineral and vitamins. Although an empirical study shows that food advertised on TV conduct to a bad food choices (Taveras et al, 2006) and that proven overweight and obese children have a high recalling rates of the food advertised than children with normal weight (Halford, 2008). Many of advertisers claim that in order to improve the effect of advertising appeals for children like the case of celebrities and cartoons characters are substantial to get children’s view of products advertised. An analysis presenting a virtually version of advertising which one with and one without a celebrity character, demonstrates that products presented with popular character attract more children’s (Atkin Block, 1983; Ross et al, 1984). In addition, a study analysing parents and children in supermarket shows that children were influenced by premium offers (Atkin, 1978), an effective way of business marketing. Furthermore many substantial research demonstrates a relation between the duration of TV viewing and classes of obesity and overweight for children and adolescents (Anderson, Crespo, Bartlett, Cheskin, Pratt, 1998). However, a divided studies ignore any association between viewing TV to obesity (Kaur, Choi, Mayo, and Harris, 2003) leaded to prospective studies which was resulting after three year following that children’s or adolescent who watched TV more than two hours a day were twice probably occur overweight during the process of the study (Francis, Lee, Birch, 2003; Proctor et al. , 2003). These evidences confirm that excessive TV viewing leads to gain weight also it can affect on food choice and eating behavior. Overall, obesity rate in the U.S and many other European countries has risen to a worrying rate, many questions persist about the nature and the consequences of this epidemic. Children obesity may not result in known clinical indication until later in life, the physical and emotional effect coordinate often in children lives. A wide body of research showed that obese children and youth are stigmatized producing an opposite emotional consequences, for example low self-esteem, negative body image and depressive feelings (Schwartz and Puhl, 2003; Strauss and Pollack, 2003). However, the results of the studies on the emotional side of obese children are complex to summarize due to the variation of the study subjects including the differences between studies for example (age, gender, status, and obesity level) in spit of, many general statements can be made (Strauss and Pollack, 2003). In term of health Obesity is related with many chronic diseases and it increase risk of diabetes, cancer, cardio vascular problems and a lower life expectancy (James W, Jackson-Leach R, Mhurchu C, 2004). It has been found that obesity could be defined as disorders that affect multiple organ system. These disorders contain hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, impaired balance and orthopedic problems and some of this symptoms cause clinical condition in obese children and some do not (Dietz et al, 2003), a statistic in 2000 shows that 400,000 deaths were ascribe to unhealthy diet and physical inactivity in United States (Mokdad et al, 2004), whereas in 1990 it was estimated by 300,000 due to the same reasons it has been seen an increase of one-third (Mcginnis, 1993). In other words these factors represent the second major cause of death in America and its predicted to surpass tobacco as the first cause of deaths in the future (Mokdad et al, 2004). In addition, it has been argued that obesity involves immediate and long-term consequences (Finkelstein et al. , 2004). The United States spent about 98 to 129 billion on medical expenditures yearly financed by Medicaid and Medicare. Thus, this statement introduces obesity in view of a major aspect of health-care costs (Mokdad et al, 2004). In other hand, research psychologists have made a comprehensive limitation of youth children’s comprehension of advertised messages where there is many areas to investigate in, most researches on advertising to children include studies of television, however, in the interactive media field, advertising and entertainment have made a new unique way, for example advertising on children’s websites where it include games, cartoons, puzzles and activities that promote for the product related called â€Å"branded environments†; a key point of marketing in the new media environment that explain advertising strategies have become more obtrusive. Children are not targeted only in the home, as advertisers and sellers have found a new area in way all children can be reached which is the school classroom, a unique environment and due to the serious economic challenges that schools face, advertiser are progressively offering resources and founds in order to access to school children as audience for their products and commercials messages (of com, 2004) The issue of commercialization in school environment has already attracted some public attention and many citizen have already formed groups in different location. Therefore, effectively, they have declined the forms of commercialization in the educational environment with showing so far the impact of these practices on children’s. (of com, 2004) A variety of studies in the last decade have investigated the several effects of advertising, physical and mentally and increasing attention of the implication on children’s health, it is time now to think about how to reduce children obesity. As It have been mentioned early that there is a strong relation between TV viewing and child obesity, in a linked study, more than 60% of obese children could be related to excess TV viewing time (Gortmaker et al, 1990), The total pressure of ads on children’s diet is probably to be growing. In 2000 more than 75% of the commercialization budget for food and drink in Europe were used on TV advertising; it seems to be an effective measure to limit the exposure of children to ads (Lobstein, 2005). Therefore, a recent research demonstrated that a ban of fast food advertising on TV would decline the rate of overweight children aged 3 to 11 year in USA by 18% (Chou et al, 2008). Then, reducing ads of energy-dense foods on TV seems to have an even greater effect, whereas a recent study claims that if food commercial on TV were banned it will result on significant reductions of children obesity (Saffer H, Chaloupka F, 2000). It might be true that marketing budgets could be reduced but instead of that advertisers and promoters used to transfer the same message by different media, for example, the internet which is the new media environment â€Å"advergaming† (Powell L, Szczypka G, Chaloupka F, 2007). For example, in the UK, 13% of total amount spent on food, drinks and fast food advertising was by Internet (European heart network, 2005). Overall, limiting or banding the advertising of high-calories foods are urgently needed and it appears to be an important element that lead to make healthier diets for children’s. Comprehensive studies should be provided in order to combat children obesity addressing to all the causes of obesity, including strategies to motivate children to be more physically active. In some countries such as the UK, Germany and Spain are trying to restrict the activities of advertising industry, for example, a responsible self-regulation and by demanding them to present social marketing technique to advertise healthier food. Other countries’ governments are focusing on limiting food ads in schools like the case of Finland, where some countries have already banned food ads to children on TV (European heart network, 2005). While there are many challenges for the national policies in obesity prevention and the key player are governments, international organizations, private and non-governmental organizations, each country need to drive policy changes by their governments and its important to know that while health services takes usually a large part of national budget (European heart network, 2005). A change at many levels and in different environments are significantly required, for example in the home environment as improving the nutrition quality of family dinners with encouraging children to be more active in term physically as well as increasing the time that they spent outside playing can make a change. (Jeffrey et al, 2005) also the school environment is really important and the role of school in introducing an active lifestyle module in which children learns about the benefits of the healthier life style and physical activity for life. In the national level such as organizations and policy changes, a comprehensive modification is needed in the way to progress towards reducing of obesity through policy and system changes, for example encouraging children to go school by walking or by bike, increase the number of industry who product and advertise a healthy balanced product, improve the access of fruits and vegetables for a low-income population (obesity is related also with poverty) and increase the ability to afford healthy food at schools, supermarkets and farmers markets. The efforts have already begun around the world and the unique and ultimate solutions are still far, (Jeffrey P. et al, 2005). the aim of obesity prevention programmes is to limit or stop the increase of obesity and reduce the new cases of this epidemic in a population, from a scientific viewpoint the most effective way to use in evaluating obesity prevention programmes are the change in the average of the body mass index or succession in obesity rate. However in practical terms the incidence is rarely happened the rates of the prevalence of obesity is hard to decline in the short term cause firstly  losing weight is not that easy and it cant be expected that large number of obese peoples sick to lose weight just to cease to not be classified as obese, secondly the social environment and social behavioural are reflected on the population weight , at present many countries have strategies an policy to deal with the problem of obesity and some countries still need to tackle obesity effectively such as Australia, Canada and United Kingdom. However Singapore is one of the country that has achieved a degree of success through a coordinated system of healthy life covering all the different groups in the population for example preschool children, schoolchildren, young and adult peoples and recent result of the fit programmes are promising and declining rates of obesity has been noticed among primary and secondary school. In conclusion there is an important growth of children obesity in European countries and many countries around the world and after the examination of the different aspects of obesity and the association between food advertising and obesity levels some research has been demonstrating that the exposure to TV ads or network games could increase the chances of obesity and it might result in many consequence in term of physical and mental health, physical activity and healthy diet seems to be important to prevent the epidemic but a necessary significant study must set in place to fight the increase and seriously measures should be taken as a matter of urgency.

Manager Leadership Skills Subordinate Performance Organizational productivity

Manager Leadership Skills Subordinate Performance Organizational productivity The study investigated about the impact of manager leadership skills. The purpose of the research is to highlight the leadership augmentation process for the companies to generate results-oriented, people-focused leaders instead of purely mangers, which they help in improving the subordinates performance, raise retention and morale of the employees, and bring bottom-line results for the organizations. The research linkages between manager skills and leadership skills that help Managers to be aware of their personality traits as a leader, that further assist managers in evaluating the subordinates performance and organization effectiveness. The research rationale is all about Managers leadership skills in reality have any influence or not to enhance the subordinate performance and organizational productivity. For the study, Judgmental Sampling has been used; deliberately handpicked individuals from the population based on our knowledge and judgment and conducted both Focus- Group and Questionnaire tool as our primary source of data. We arranged a focus group in IXLMS organization and questionnaire survey tool in SOFSOL organization. Total of 54 respondents participated which comprises of both managers subordinates from different departments. In-depth questions were asked and the responses were recorded. The data that was gathered is analyzed by the use of mathematical tools such as tables, percentages and pie charts. This allows us to obtain quantitative data that can help in the analysis of our hypothesis. T-Testing of hypothesis was conducted which resulted that there is an impact of Managers leadership skills to enhance the subordinate performance and organizational productivity. To increase subordinates satisfaction, performance, and organization productivity, in this research Managers are suggested to give prominence efforts on their leadership skills instead only rely on manager skills and companies should also work on this as employees are the leading key factors of any organization, they, therefore, have to come up with the strategies of encouraging their employees and make them willing to grant as much time in leadership skills as they do in management skills. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE Background of the Topic and Statement of the Problem INTRODUCTION Organizations must be certain that every employee carry out to the best of their ability and delivers significant value to the business but in todays economy its critical to get the most efficiency from every employee.  Ã‚   One main issue that almost every business resist with is the challenge of dealing with employees performance. Great organizations know that measuring their accomplishment with people both customers and employees is just as important as measuring the achievement of their financial bottom line. Great organizations focus on two bottom lines instead of just one. In these organizations, developing loyal customers and engaged employees are considered equal to good financial performance. Upper Management at these organizations know that in order to succeed they must create a encouraging environment for employees, which results in better customer service, which leads to higher income. There are many elements that go into creating a victorious organization like customer focus, different marketing strategy, and passionate employees etc are the factors that come to mind but the one place that organizations should focus on first is leadership skills of the mangers. Thats because leadership is the succession that drives the other factors. Developing impressive leaders is the key to organizational success. One of the mainly common sources of low productivity in any organization and deprived work ethic is the lack of leadership skills in their managers. When the managers of the companies keep going with the appropriate coaching of leadership skills, they are able to quickly reach the levels of confidence and competence needed to increase productivity to meet requirement. With suitable leadership style, managers develop new skills more rapidly and begin to donate sooner to the bottom line.   Leaders help subordinates to achieve astonishing results. They lend a hand others to develop eagerness and passion for their work as well as higher self-esteem and more self-confidence. When given the leadership skills to give work direction, goal setting, coaching, performance evaluation, active listening, feedback, and practical problem solving employees experience fewer disturbances and more success. Mentoring high-potential ability and giving employees the resources to grow into competent and confident, leaders creates a conduit for organizational growth. Over a period of time by receiving the appropriate leadership skills, mangers can reach the levels of self-reliance and competence that enable them to increase their productivity and success of the organization. Without the proper leadership skills, most mangers end up achieving only a temperate level of performance on key tasks instead of pushing through to the highest level possible. The question then is for organizations to develop their mangers to reach higher levels as quickly and proficiently as possible, thus improving productivity and overall business performance. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The research rationale is that leadership of the manager is the key factor in influencing employee performance and organizational success. This study is to highlight the leadership development process for organizations to create results-oriented, people-focused leaders instead of simply mangers, that they improve subordinates performance, increase retention and morale, and deliver bottom-line results. The objective of the research is to find that: Do employees know there is a difference in a leader and a manager? Do really manager have any leadership skills in them or not? What managers think about leadership? Do mangers believe in developing team members into individual who can complete pre determined goals? How leadership skills effect the overall organization productivity? Managers leadership skills in reality have any impact to enhance the subordinate performance and organizational productivity or not? The research questionnaires also highlight the ways that managers can improve his/her leadership skills and motivate the employees to perform their best that boost the organization productivity. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The research will foster managers to develop their skills as a leader. If one relies only on being a manager, hell never instigate subordinate to give their very best and increase organizational productivity so good managers should think like leaders within their orb of influence. Leadership skills are vital in an organization. It enhances organization productivity. The manager cannot get the job done on time by employees unless he/she has good leadership skills. Leadership is mostly about being one-self and preserving one personal legitimacy. Most mangers are not born with leadership skills so they can develop their leadership skills through this research as it highlighted the importance of personal progress, thinking innovatively, caring for people and also having the will to become a leader. Effective leadership skills among managers are not only avoid delays, misunderstandings, confusion or distortions of facts during uncertain situations but also establishes harmony in the organization environment. SCOPE DELIMITATION The research is designed to illuminate the impact of leadership skills of a manager on subordinates performance and organizational productivity. The study is conducted in the natural environment with the minimum interference of researcher with the normal flow of events. All the expenses and barriers will be kept in consideration while designing this research. As time was a major constrain in this exercise, so within this short time frame the focus group methods and online questionnaire survey helped us in getting fairly dependable data from two organizations i.e. IXLMS and Sofsol. Both companies are emerging business solution providers. DEFINITIONS Bottom line its an organization net earnings, net income or EPS (Earnings per share). Leadership a crucial management skill is the ability to encourage a group of people in the direction of a common goals. IXLMS Its a company name, an emerging business solution provider. Sofsol Its a company name. Non-Contrived If the research is completed in the natural environment where work carry on normally. Judgmental Sampling The sample based on the researcher thinking who they think would be suitable for the study. Questionnaire Tool A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a sequence of questions that help in collecting the information from respondents. Focus Group a research in which a group of people are asked about their observations, views, ideas and attitudes towards a concept. It is usually qualitative research. Null Hypothesis It is normally offer a general or default position, such as that there is no relationship between two measured facts, or that an imminent treatment has no effect or no impact. T-Test A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistics go after a students t distribution if the null hypothesis is carried. OJT OJT stands for On-the-Job Training which is a form of training received in a normal working work place. CHAPTER TWO Research Method and Procedure RESEARCH DESIGN METHODS The research is designed in a way that all aspects of interest as well as efficient data collection are kept under consideration. It is also to cover the entire important facet related to managers leadership skills that help in improving the employees performance and organization productivity. 2.1.1 Purpose of the Study The study is descriptive research in nature. The purpose is to discover the impact of the leadership skills of a manager thats helps in enhancing the employees performance and improving the organization structure in terms of its productivity. 2.1.2 Study Setting It is a field study as it examining the effect of leadership skills. The study setting is non-contrived in nature. 2.1.3 Unit of Analysis Unit of analysis are two organization IXLMS and SOFSOL. Both are business solution providers. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY The respondents can easily be identified. Our respondent includes Managers and Subordinates working in IXLMS and Sofsol organizations. To have a diverse sample, we choose individuals, belonging to different departments (like Finance, IT, Administration, sales and HR) having different functional responsibilities. We have categorized the target population into following two groups according to their role in an organization: Managers Subordinates 2.2.1 Sampling Frame The samples are selected from HR repository of each of above mentioned organizations. 2.2.2 Sampling Procedure For our study, we have used Judgmental Sampling we have purposely handpicked individuals from the population based on our knowledge and judgment. Also, we have obtained the information from a very specific group of people for which this method is most feasible. We have chosen limited number of people that have expertise in the area being studied. 2.2.3 Sample Size The sample size for this exercise estimated to be 54 respondents which include both managers and subordinates. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The instruments include the primary and secondary sources of the data. Primary Sources We choose both Focus- Group and Questionnaire tool as our primary source of data. We have arranged a focus group in IXLMS organization and questionnaire survey tool in SOFSOL organization, where individuals from different departments participated. In-depth questions were asked and the responses were recorded. The reason being the Focus Group discussions on a specific topic at a particular location and at a specified time, it gives the opportunity to capture spontaneous responses. This focus group unstructured responses reflect the genuine opinions, ideas and feelings of the respondents about the topic under study. Whereas the questionnaire survey will be a useful step as to encapsulate the answers/responses in a pie chart and bar chart form. The online survey questionnaire is floated in SOFSOL organization for collecting data from managers and subordinates. The responses results are shared in chapter 4 and the survey can be viewed online by following the links: For Managers: http://tiny.cc/ManagersSurvey For Subordinates: http://tiny.cc/DirectsSurvey The questions were designed in such a way that it allows free flow of information from the minds of our target population. This allows us to attain quantitative data that can help in the analysis of our hypothesis. The questionnaire will help in investigating the related matters of the research, which includes all the related questions about the manager and subordinates that reveals the major aspects of the leadership skills. 2.3.2 Secondary Sources The Secondary sources include the following: Newspapers, Books, articles, magazines Other Publications like company reviews. World Wide Web, Internet TREATMENT OF THE DATA The analysis will be done on the basis of the data gathered by visiting the organization IXLMS, SOFSOL and information that revealed by them. The data that is gathered will be analyzed by the use of mathematical tools such as tables, percentages and graphs. T-Testing of hypothesis will be conducted in order to know the impact of leadership skills on subordinate performance and organizational productivity. CHAPTER THREE Review of Related Literature Studies 3.1 LOCAL LITERATURE There are many duties predictable of a leader. Leadership is not only about being the face man. It is not only about bestowing orders. It is not even about grasp the blame. Good leadership is a challenging, all rounder role that want commitment, skill, intelligence and most important of all, leadership qualities and abilities. All managers want to have good quality subordinates. A lot has been on paper about this topic. It is not only about the power of the boss, but in many cases, it is about the gift to lead. Leadership is so very different from being dominant. Some bosses believe that good leadership means that they set a good example. If they put a good example, they are good leaders. I think that is a little too simplistic. If you desire good subordinates, you must first be a good leader. That leadership expands too many aspects of your interaction with and your management of the people. When you first begin working, you are skilled to toe the line, that your boss is always right; my way or the highway. Abruptly, if you want your people to imagine out of the box, the easiest technique to achieve this is, dont generate the box in the first place. You are inquired to think out of the box. For a moment this happens that you select someone as your leader. He is going to be your direct light and fetch you across the desert. You rejoice your new leader. Then the party is over and the journey begins. What happens? If this were a democratic system, then the leader sets a direction, say, south, and everyone votes on it. If it were Moses, he just ups and moves on and everyone follows. One is a leader, the other is a coordinator. Do you own a car that is red on the front and polka dotted pink behind? You would if you allowed your 3 year old girl to decide on half the colors. If you did not paint the back polka dotted pink, she will be unhappy. At some point, a leader has to take responsibility for his decisions. Everyone will have their own beliefs. A good leader understands and accepts that. To be firm that everyone shares exactly the same opinion and everyone to have the same decision, is not factual leadership. When we consider of leaders, we think of someone who has vision. He has the big depiction. He knows where he is going away. Leaders are not essential. This might appear as a surprise, but it is true. A good manager require not be a good leader in some situation. You would see this most often in large, technical organizations. Management is about competence and effectiveness. Leadership is about motivation and vision. Leaders deal with public. Managers deal with procedures. Which is why, to be a good leader, you need to have a good level of people handling skills. There are some foremost leaders who simply bull-doze their way through the team. In a disaster situation, that might work. But it can only be continued for a short while. Imagine yourself under the oppression of your supervisor, day in and day out; would you place for it? To be a good quality leader, you need to understand your people. But to be a great leader, you need to not only understand them, but to know how to bring out the best in them. Before you can encourage and motivate, you need to understand. However, if you stop at merely understanding them, but not knowing how to bring them to the next level, then you are a unlucky leader. Managers are power figures. They must be followed. They are in their positions through seniority, loyalty to the company or a million other reasons good and bad. Leaders, on the other hand, are people whom the group prefers to follow. They may have no organizational authority, but they motivate the group with their vision and obsession. Sometimes, when natural leaders appear, managers feel threatened, especially if its their group that is concerned. A good manager knows how to use and control the normal leaders. I would like to suggest that for anyone to be a good leader, there are certain basic competencies that are desirable. A lot of focus has always been put on the personality of a leader, the tasks and the roles f a leader. These are important or not important, depending on what theory you pledge to. However, I would suggest that there are some basics that any leader must have. This is despite of the leadership type, leadership style and so on. There are basic competencies that a leader should to have. I have tried to sort them out and have put them into five basic competencies: technical competence operational competence financial competence people competence strategic competence A manager basically directs resources to complete prearranged goals or projects. For example, a manager may connect in hiring, training, and scheduling employees in order to attaining the work in the most efficient and cost effective manner probable. A manager believes in a failure if he/she is not able to complete the project or goals with effectiveness or when the cost turns out to be too high. On the other hand, a leader within a company build up individuals in order to complete preset goals and projects. A leader build up relationships with his/her employees by building communication, inducing images of success, and by bring forth loyalty. 3.2 FOREIGN LITERATURE There are several definitions of leadership, and the term leadership could mean different things to different people (see Bass, 1990 and Rost, 1993). There was evidence that leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential (Bennis, 2003; 1989). Moorhead and Griffin (1998) suggested that leadership could be defined in two terms of both process and property. As a process, leader is the use of non-coercive influence to direct and coordinated the activities of group members to meet a goal. As a property, leadership is the set of characteristics attributed those who are perceived to use such influence successfully. 3.2.1 Leadership Personality Qualities and Traits Researchers and scholars present a number of leadership personality traits (see Atwater and Yammarino, 1993; Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1991). In this study, however, seven leadership factors were chosen to measure the subordinates performance outcomes. Based mostly on Dubrin et al. (2006) work, the traits seem to be relevant to subordinates performance. Dubrin et al. (2006) indicated that it is important for the leader to be realistically self-confident. A leader must project his/her self-confidence to the group. Self-confidence is not only personality characteristic; it also refers to the personality trait a person exhibits in a number of situations. It is akin to being cool under pressure. A person is a self-confident leader when he or she retains composure during a crisis (Dubrin et al., 2006). Emotional stability refers to the ability to control emotions to the point that ones emotional responses are appropriate to the occasion (Dubrin et al., 2006). Emotional stability is an important leadership trait because group members expect and need consistency in the way they are treated. The effective leaders are generally calm, confident, and predictable during a crisis (Goleman, 1995). Initiative or being a self-starter refers to taking action without support and stimulation from others, and it also related to problem-finding ability (Dubrin et. al., 2006). As conceptualized by Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), initiative refers to the proactive side of leadership. Rather than just reacting to events, effective leaders make choices and take action that leads to change. A leader is also someone who facilitates change it therefore follows that a leader must be flexible and adaptable enough to cope with change (Dubrin et al., 2006). Corporate leader must be able to adapt to changes. Flexibility, or able to adjust to different situations, has long been recognized as an important leadership characteristic. Almost for all followers, it is desirable for the leader to be enthusiastic (Dubrin et al., 2006). Group members tend to respond positively to enthusiasm, partly because enthusiasm may be perceived as a reward for constructive personality trait. Dubrin et al. (2006) also indicated that leaders displayed their sensitivity and empathy to influence others and to show that the leaders understand their group members. This type of sensitivity to others means understanding whom the group members and what their position on issues is, and how to best communicate with and influence them (Dubrin et al., 2006). Communication skill is another essential leadership requirement. However, managers spent at least 80 percent of every working day in direct communication with others people. In other words, 48 minutes of every hour in spent in meeting, on the telephone, or talking informally while waling around. The other 20 percent of typical managers time spent doing desk work. The communication is an important job of managers (Drft, 2000). 3.2.2 Subordinates Performance: Effectiveness and Productivity Manager can use motivation theory to help satisfy subordinates need and simultaneously encourage high work performance. Draft (1999) suggested that motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. There are many meanings of job satisfaction which are defined in many ways, and increasing subordinate satisfaction is important for organization. Yoder (1959) defined job satisfaction as the degree to which employees feeling that he or she like or dislike in work and working condition. Beer (1964) said that job satisfaction is the employees expectation that affection the job, organization, colleague, and working condition. Robbins (2003) suggested that job satisfaction is the degree to which employee feel positively or negatively about their job. It is an attitude that response to work itself, compensation, supervision, co-workers, job security, and advancement opportunity. Muenjohn and Armstrong (2001) found that leadership influences employee satisfaction. Employees are more satisfied when their managers are good leaders. This includes motivating employees to do a good job, striving for excellence or just taking action. Many people may be confused what the difference between effectiveness and efficiency is. Scholars defined effectiveness as the degree to which an organization realizes its goals, while efficiency is a more limited concept that pertains to the internal working of the organization and is defined as the amount of resources used to produce a unit of output (Moorhead and Griffin, 1998). It is leaders responsibility to ensure that their subordinates can achieve a high level of both effectiveness and efficiency. Managers or leaders have been aware it important that their firms maintain high levels of productivity. Productivity of an organization is a primary determinate of the firms level of profitability and, ultimately, its ability to survive (Griffin, 1996). Griffin (1996) said that in a general sense, productivity means an economic measure of efficiency that summarizes what is produced relative to the inputs used to produce them. 3.3 COMPANY LITERATURE People are 4 times more capable than we think, but only if they unleash their full potential of creativity, innovation, productivity, motivation commitment. Organizations are public systems where human resources are the most important factors for success and efficiency; they need efficient managers and employees to attain their goals. The victory or failure of an organization is decided by human beings, thus management is anxious with this human resources matter. In other words, a companys human resources can be the distinguishing factor between success and failure. It is for this reason that there is great importance on the leadership of managers. Good manager direct subordinates to work effectively in the direction of organizational goals and targets. Organizational success in obtaining its goals and objectives depends on managers leadership skills, traits and behavior. By using appropriate tactics managers can affect subordinates job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Organizational values can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. The managers leadership ability to adjust him with changing environment internally or externally and lead a group of subordinates to work together in the workplace is the key to success. Employees at every level of their job make feel about whether they are appreciated and privileged from important way that come from their work environment, particularly those that come from the leaders in a straight line over them. The managers leadership skills and subordinate employees job satisfaction has for all time given high importance in the company. Job satisfaction is linked to the feeling of employees and can be partial by leadership factors of their supervisor or employer. 3.3.1 Competencies Are Growing From Leading Individuals to Organizations Leading in successively larger framework from individuals to groups to organization-wide efforts, need successively better sets of competencies. For example, core competencies are the least needed in leading others, whether other individuals, in groups or organization-wide efforts. To actually be effectual at leading other individuals, people should have the core competencies plus certain other competencies to lead individuals. 3.3.2 Issues of Identifying Competencies Desired by Leaders The exact competencies i.e. knowledge, skills and abilities that a person desires in order to lead at a specific time in an organization depend on a variety of factors, including: if that person is leading one other individual, a group or a large organization, The degree of leadership skills that person already has, That persons fundamental nature and values, competencies should be selected that are in accord with that nature and those values, if the group or organization is for-benefit or non benefit, new or long-established, and large or small, The actual culture or values and associated behaviors of whoever is being guided. The above deliberation can make it very difficult when trying to decide what competencies someone should have in order to be a good leader. Maybe thats why leadership training programs in institutions typically claim a set of standard competencies. Leadership is a main issue or the challenge in the growth of groups, organizations and states. 3.4 SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW Employees plays significantly important role to drive in the organization achieve its goals and employees performance effects directly to the companys outputs. However, keep up a good performance and motivating workers are not the easy things to do and that the responsibilities of managers to lead control, guide, and monitor their followers or subordinate performances. Organizations may endeavor to satisfy employees by offering sufficient compensation program, safe and friendly work environment. But, the subordinate could not have the good and efficient performance without the good leader. If the company would like to achieve its goals and targets, it must have a good leader or effective leader because of the leader holds responsible for failure or the success of the whole organization and leaders hold the liability for the performance of the individual and group within the organization. It is also emphasis that the subordinates satisfaction, productivity, and effectiveness can be influenced by the leadership personality traits of the manager. Manager motivation or encouragement towards subordinates which is one of the leadership skills also has an effect on the productivity of the organization. 3.5 AREA FOR FURTHER STUDY Due to limited resources the research will be restricted in finding the impact of manager leadership skills on subordinate performance and organizational productivity in Karachi two organizations only; In order to broad the scope of the project one can discover the correlation between the leadership factors and subordinates outcomes as well. However to obtain the best available result further projective techniques such as time series analysis and regression will be used to project the findings of the study in different organization overall in Pakistan. CHAPTER FOUR Presentation Analysis 4.1 CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS We employed two survey tools (Focus group and Questionnaire) for gathering data, and following are the Qualitative (used for Focus Group) and Quantitative matrixes (used for Questionnaire Survey tool) developed on that data. 4.2 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS In order to quantify the qualitative data gathered through the focus group participants, as per the responses collected I have generalized the results in each of the following category as follows: 4.2.1. Personality Traits Personality traits defines how directs and managers analyze their personality with respect to leadership. The respondents response was 100%in this case. They all believed that their managers have the necessary traits to become a leader. 4.2.2. Practice leadership

Electrical Engineering Essay examples -- Graduate Admissions Essays

As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Â   Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. Â   In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Â   Pursuing a graduate degree ... ...MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Â   Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do.

Analysis of The Sick Rose Written by William Blake Essay -- English Li

Analysis of The Sick Rose Written by William Blake. O rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm, Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. In this essay, I chose to write a bout â€Å"The Sick Rose†, which is a short poem written by William Blake, focusing on the metaphorical language and the symbolism used in it. Though this poem is difficult, I like its deeper meaning and the symbolism. I think that Blake succeeds in giving us a very brilliant work in a few lines. This short poem is a narrative poem made up of two stanzas; each stanza has four lines, rhyming a b c b. The language of it is pretty easy though it is written in 18th century English. The poet uses the present tense to indicate that what he is talking about might happen anytime and anywhere. The tone in the poem is sad. It is set at night, in the â€Å"howling storm.† It has a double meaning. It is full of figurative language. The whole poem is a metaphor. It seems to be about a rose that has been destroyed at night...

The Creation of Disneyland Essay -- Walt Disney 1950s

The Creation of Disneyland Walt Disney: The Early Years Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901. He was the fourth of five children born to Elias and Flora Disney. Elias was a fairly unsuccessful businessman, who moved the family from city to city in search of financial success. When Walt was four, they moved from their home in Chicago to a farm in Marceline, Missouri. Walt's time in Marceline provided him with the vision for Main Street USA (Francavigilia, 1981). His frequent associations with animals would also become evident in his later cartoons (Bryman, 4). In 1910, the family left Marceline and moved to Kansas City. Elias was a strict taskmaster who often beat his children. This led to Walt's two oldest brothers deserting the family. Another brother, Roy, left to go help an uncle on a farm. Although they were no longer living together, Roy and Walt remained close. In 1919, Walt got a job as a cartoonist at a commercial art studio in Kansas City. That job did not last long, and following a failed attempt at starting his own business, Walt began to work for the Kansas City Film Ad Company. During this time, he seriously explored the world of animation. Success, however, did not come easily to Walt, and he soon decided that he had to leave Kansas City. In 1923, he carried just $40 in his pocket and left for Hollywood. Walt's brother Roy, who was already living in Los Angeles, provided Walt with some financial backing and contacted a distributor about Walt's first animation Alice's Wonderland. Working together with Roy, the brothers opened "Disney Bros. Studio" (It would later be known as Walt Disney Studio). Roy handled the business operations and Walt specialized in the animated productions. Although produ... ...jects. James Rouse, an accomplished architect has credited Walt Disney for providing much of his inspiration. In addition to suburban malls, Rouse has created Baltimore's Harborplace and Boston's Faneuil Hall Marketplace (Hine, 152). Although Walt Disney died in 1966, his ideas can still be found across the globe. Works Cited Adams, Judith A. The American Amusement Park Industry. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Bryman, Alan. Disney and his Worlds. New York: Routledge, 1995 Francavigilia, R.V. (1981) "Main Street USA: a comparison / contrast of streetscapes in Disneyland and Walt Disney World", Journal of Popular Culture, 15: 141-156 Justdisney.com. 18 Apr. 2004 http://www.justdisney.com/disneyland/history.html Thomas Hine, Populuxe (New York: Knopf, 1986), 152. Works Consulted Marling, Karal Ann. Designing Disney's Theme Parks. New York: Flammario, 1997.

Chapter 13 Spice Chart the Spread of Chinese Civilization…

PLEASE DONT COPY WORD FROM WORD.!!!!!! Chapter 13: The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam Social: 1) Japan * Emperor -> aristocracy -> nobles/ warriors -> local leaders-> peasants -> farmers * Male and female barriers * Females can’t rule or get into political businesses no matter how high up you are. * Determing rank solely by birth * Men and women in aristocratic classes are mandatory to have polite behaviors * Social status was everything and love affairs were anxiety * Later on, women lost almost all of their previous rights * Inheritance was only passed down to the oldest son Women were then treated like trash and men view them as defenseless * Women were taught to slay themselves rather than dishonor the family line by getting raped * All classes of Japanese women lost role of celebrant in religious ceremonies and replaced in theatrical performances by men. 2) Korea * Emperor -> government -> nobles/local leaders -> peasants -> slaves * Born due to its original classes 3. Vietnam * Women had more freedoms * Women wore long skirts to black pants * Women had more influences in both family and in societies * Women were dominant force in large urban markets and trading systems Political: ) Japan * Empress Koken; married the Buddhist monk and he became king * Emperor Kammu ; 794 * Heian (Kyoto) ; a new capital city established by emperor Kammu; buddists build monasteries * Later Buddhist monks were abandoned out of the aristocratic and aristocrats almost fully took over in the central government * Japanese monarchy -> Chinese style emperor * Created genuine bureaucracy and peasant conscript armies * Local leaders were to organize militia forces and later control the imperial household * Fujiwara was the aristocratic family in 9th century Taira; competed with Minamoto families and defeated the Gempei Wars * Minamoto; competed with the Taira family * Gempei Wars; waged for five years between the Taira and the Minamoto’s * Ash ikaga Takuaji * Ashikaga Shogunate * Hojo 2) Korea * Koguryo – tribal people of northern Korea * Silla is the independent Korean kingdom southeast * Paekche- defeated by the Silla’s * Resulted in Sinification * Tries to put Chinese style bureaucracy * Paid tribute to China and created peace to add protection. * Yi dynasty 3) Vietnam Confucian bureaucracy established and dominated in aristocracy * Chinese controlled for several centuries * Hanoi – capital city * Nguyen – rival Vietnamese dynasty * Trinh- dynasty that ruled north Vietnam Interactions: 1) Japan * It as Trades with China * Borrow ideologies from China and put into their own culture * Dominated emperor and capital as a whole * Buddhist monks became powerful and became the heads of demanding the monastic orders. * Buddhism from China * Chinese political dominance * Surrounded by the pacific ocean, islands, lots of mountains 2) Korea Took ideas from china culturally and politically * Korean scho lars traveled to China and few went for the Buddhist faith in India * Similar to what Japan had done * Borrowed paper productions, printings, paintings and arts, written language and agricultures * Located in the far east of Asian, right next to China surrounds by the yellow sea mostly 3) Vietnam * Right down below China * Heavily influenced by China just like Japan and Korea. * Confucian ideologies and Buddhism influences too * Ideas from Chinese agriculture technologies Culture: 1) Japan Borrowed ideas from China†¦ such as writings, characters, everyday aspects, language.. etc * Japanese tried to master Confucian’s ways, worship Chinese style temples * Admired Buddhism’s arts * Worshipped â€Å"Kami†; nature spirits * Zen Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto were major beliefs * The way normal aristocratic families live in ~Buildings were of unpainted wood, sliding panels, matted floors, and wooden walkways between every room people lived in. ~Writing verse is the most valued art in courts. ~Poems were written on painted fans and scented papers. Lady Murasaki; one of the most famous female poet * â€Å"Tale of Genji, The† written by Lady Murasaki * Played flutes and stringed instruments * Zen Buddhism stressed on simplicity and discipline that played a critical role 2) Korea * Studied Chinese schools and enrolled in Confucian studies * Made their own language and writing systems by taking ideas of Chinese literatures * Artisan learned to hold metal type in place * Used honey as glue * Practiced mainly Confucianism and Buddhism * Law codes * Arts from China 3) Vietnam * Strong tradition of village autonomy * Symbolizations of bamboo hedges Confucianism * Buddhism * Economic: 1) Japan * New tool * Greater tools to draft animals * New crops†¦soybeans * Produce items like silk, hemp, paper, dyes, and vegetable oils†¦ etc * Military elites and intermediaries traded between Japan and overseas such as China 2) Korea * Sell g oods to Chinese markets * Purchased Chinese scrolls and art works * Tribute systems with China * Tribute became major channel of trade and intercultural exchanges with China and other neighbors 3) Vietnam * Produce lots of rice * Trade with lots of other areas surrounded * Pay tributes to China for protection

Final Lab Report Sample

Date Performed: July 30, 2012 EXPERIMENT NO. 10 COMPOSITION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ABSTRACT The aim of the experiment was to look for the percentage composition of the elements present in the decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3) and to find out what the residue after heating was. After performing the experiment the researchers found out that there were about 66. 14% of potassium chloride (KCl) in KClO3, and they also deducted that the residue was actually KCl. _____________________________________________________________________________________Introduction Total mass of the Element/Compound   (Part)Total mass of Compound (Whole) ? 100 The formula above is the formula used to determine the percentage composition of an individual element in a compound. In this experiment, the researchers are both going to solve for the theoretical percentage composition and the experimental percentage composition of elements/ ions. The theoretical percent composition is solved using a known for mula compound and an experimental percent composition is solved using data identified in the experiment.The goal of this experiment is to formulate a diminutive percentage error as possible, which is solved using the formula below. Theoretical value-Experimental valueTheoretical value ? 100 The compound that they are going to use in this experiment is KCl or potassium chlorate. Potassium chlorate, when heated to high temperatures would form this equation: 2KClO? (s) ? 2KCl (s)+3O? (g) Procedure The experiment was composed of two parts. The first part was for determining the percentage composition of potassium chlorate.First, the researchers made sure that the crucible, which would be used throughout the experiment, was dry, so they heated it on a clay triangle for 2-3 minutes. Next, they let the crucible cool down a bit and then weighed it together with its cover. Then they added 1. 196 g of potassium chlorate into the crucible, placed its lid and then weighed it. After that, they h eated the crucible again on the clay triangle for 8 minutes with its bottom 2. 5-3 inches away from the flame. They heated it for another 10 minutes, that time adding a little bit of distance between the flame and crucible bottom.They allowed the crucible to cool for about 10 minutes. Then they reweighed the sample for 6 more minutes, cooled it and then weighed it again. In the second part of the experiment, they took 3 test tubes, one containing a small amount of potassium chloride, one with a like amount of potassium chlorate, and one that contained a solution obtained from adding distilled water to the crucible, that was used in the first part of the experiment, and heated it for about a minute, and then they added 10 ml of distilled water to each and stirred.In each of the tubes, they added 5 drops of dilute (6 M) nitric acid and 5 drops of 0. 1 M silver nitrate solution, then stirred each test tube and observed carefully. Results and Discussion On the first part of the experime nt, the researchers started off with the crucible with the sample that weighed 37. 184 g. , after the first heating, the mass decreased and became 37. 093 g. , after the second heating, the mass decreased again and became 36. 787 g. , the difference between the two wasn’t less than 0. 05 g. , so they had to reheat.After the third heating, the weight became 36. 779 g. , their difference was within 0. 05 g. so no more heating is required. After calculating, the researchers found out that the theoretical percentage of oxygen in KClO3 is 39. 17% and that the experimental percentage of oxygen they got in KClO3 was 33. 86%. On the other hand they also found out that theoretical percentage of KCl in KClO3 is 60. 83% and that their experimental percentage of KCl in KClO3 was 66. 14%. and that the experimental attempt to get the percentage of oxygen in KClO3 had an error of 8. 3%. On the second part of the experiment when 5 drops of dilute (6 M) nitric acid and 5 drops of (0. 1 M) sil ver nitrate solution were added to the solution of the residue and distilled water, potassium chloride solution, and potassium chlorate solution, all of them turned cloudy with white precipitate in them which indicated that chloride ions were present which lead to the deduction that the residue was actually KCl. 1. Mass of crucible + cover| 35. 988g. | 2. Mass of crucible + cover + sample before heating| 37. 84 g. | 3. Mass of crucible + cover + residue after 1st heating| 37. 093 g. | 4. Mass of crucible + cover + residue after 2nd heating| 36. 787 g. | 5. Mass of crucible + cover + residue after 3rd heating| 36. 779 g. | 6. Mass of original sample=37. 184? 35. 988=1. 196| 1. 196 g. | 7. Total mass lost during heating=37. 184? 36. 779=0. 405| 0. 405 g. | 8. Final mass of residue=1. 196? 0. 405=0. 791| 0. 791 g. | 9. Experimental percent oxygen in KClO3=0. 4051. 196? 100=0. 3386? 100=33. 86%| 33. 6%| 10. Experimental percent KCl in KClO3=0. 7911. 196? 100=0. 6614? 100=66. 14%| 66. 14 %| 11. Theoretical percent oxygen in KClO3=3(16. 00)39. 10+35. 45+3(16. 00)? 100=48122. 55? 100=0. 3917? 100=39. 17%| 39. 17%| 12. Theoretical percent KCl in KClO3=39. 10+35. 4539. 10+35. 45+3(16. 00)? 100=74. 55122. 55? 100=0. 6083? 100=60. 83%| 60. 83%| 13. Percent error in experimental % oxygen determination=60. 83-66. 1460. 83? 100=-5. 3160. 83? 100=-0. 0873? 100=8. 73%| 8. 73%| Conclusion and RecommendationAs seen above, the experimental percent gotten by the researchers wasn’t that far off from the theoretical value, and they ended up with a percent error of 8. 73%. That’s not a high percent error, but in chemistry, where accuracy is very vital, that amount is already considered high. One of the factors that led them to a high percentage error was that they used a different balance for the weighing of #4 and #5 in the table. For further experimentation, the researchers suggest that only one balance would be used throughout the experiment.It is also important to k eep the crucible steady so that spattering won’t happen during heating. Because when spattering does happen, mass lost would no longer be accurate. References * Book: Hein, MORRIS, et al. , FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY IN THE LABORATORY FOR SCIENCES (CUSTOM EDITION), 12th ed. , Singapore129809, 2009 Appendix 1. Mass of original sample= (mass of the crucible + cover + sample before heating) – (mass of crucible + cover)| 2. Total mass lost during heating= (mass of the crucible + cover + sample before heating) – (mass of the crucible + cover + after 3rd heating)| 3.Final mass of residue= mass of original sample – total mass lost during heating| 4. Experimental percent oxygen in KClO3=total mass lost during heatingmass of original sample? 100| 5. Experimental percent KCl in KClO3=final mass of residuemass of original sample? 100| 6. Theoretical percent oxygen in KClO3=molar mass of O? molar mass of KClO 100| 7. Theoretical percent KCl in KClO3=molar mass of KClmo lar mass of KClO 100| 8. Percent error in experimental % oxygen determination=theoretical value-experimental valuetheoretical value? 100|

3RTO Assessment Essay

Learning outcomes: 1. Be able to explain the factors that affect an organisation’s talent planning, recruitment and selection policy. 2. Be able to identify appropriate recruitment and selection methods. 3. Be able to contribute to the recruitment and selection interviewing process for a job role. 4. Understand the importance of effective induction. All activities should be completed Activity 1 Write a short report on Talent Planning in organisations which : identifies and assesses at least 4 factors that affect an organisation’s approach to attracting talent identifies and explains at least 3 organisation benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce describes at least 3 factors that affect an organisation’s approach to recruitment and selection describes the benefits of at least 3 different recruitment methods and 3 different selection methods explains at least 3 purposes of induction and how they benefit individuals and organisations. includes an induction plan that identifies areas to be covered, timelines and those involved in the process. Activity 2 Carry out the main stages of recruitment and selection activity for an identified role. Brief: You are a member of the Head Office human resources team for a national retail group and have been asked by one of your larger store managers to recruit a Human Resources Officer for his store to work 3 days per week. Their duties will include all staffing and training duties associated with the running of the store for 150 store staff. You should use this brief to inform your work in carrying out the following tasks: produce a job description and person specification for the role draft a written advertisement or a brief to your Recruitment Agency to attract talented individuals to apply develop selection criteria and shortlist from a minimum of 3 applicants who have applied for the role (application form attached) as a panel, interview 1 applicant for the role and decide if they should be offered the post identify which records you would retain with a short explanation of the legal requirements Draft an example of a letter to an appointee and one example of a letter written to a non -appointee. You will be observed and assessed by your tutor using the attached observation record. Activity Resources Application Form (3 pages) Observation Record (1 page) Assessment Criteria Evidence to be produced Activity 1 Report of approximately 1200 words Activity 2 Observation record for each member of the group. The following documents to be produced by each group: Job Description and Person Specification Agency Recruitment Brief or advertisement Selection criteria Completed short listing record List of interview questions used in the Panel Interview Interview assessment form List of records from process which will be retained with an explanation of the legal requirements Letter to both successful and unsuccessful applicants To be completed by assessor(s): Unit Code Learning outcomes Assessment criteria Assessor comments Provide rationale for judgements against each assessment criterion and identify areas for development 3RTO 1. Be able to explain the factors that affect an organisation’s talent planning, recruitment and selection policy. 1.1 Identify and explain at least 3 organisation benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce 1.2 Identify and assesses at least 4 factors that affect an organisation’s approach to attracting talent 1.3 Describe at least 3 factors that affect an organisation’s approach to recruitment and selection 2. Be able to identify appropriate recruitment and selection methods. 2.1 Describe the benefits of at least 3 different recruitment methods 1.3 Describe the benefits of at least 3 different selection methods. 3. Be able to contribute to the recruitment and selection interviewing process for a job role. 3.1 Produce a job description and person specification for the Part time Human Resources Officer role. 3.2 Draft a written advertisement or a brief to your Recruitment Agency to attract talented individuals to apply. 3.3 Develop selection criteria and shortlist from a minimum of 3 applicants who have applied for the role. 3.4 As a panel interview 1 applicant for the role and decide if they should be offered the post. 3.5 Identify which records you would retain with a short explanation of the legal requirements. Draft an example of a letter to an appointee and one example of a letter written to a non appointee. 4. Understand the importance of effective induction. 4.1 Explain at least three of the purposes of induction and explain how they benefit individuals and organisations. 4.2 Include an induction plan that identifies areas to be covered, timelines and those involved in the process. Identify and assess 4 factors that affect an organisations approach to attracting talent and retaining a diverse workforce. Award Winning Training programmes on offer In the company that I work for when we are trying to attract talent into our business we promote our award winning training programmes as we want to attract people who want to move forward within the business and have the drive to do that. We offer training programmes for all levels from associate through to pub manager and area manager if that’s where our staff wishes to go. Benefits We promote our work life balance offering employees a healthy balance of each. Potential for employees to move all over the country, if they want to. We have students working in one pub in the term time and during summer and winter breaks they can transfer to a pub closer to home without losing any benefits. We offer many bonuses to working for our organisation when your particular pub does well in regards to mystery customer depending on the score your pub receives means that you could potentially earn up to 5% of your monthly salary. We also offer in house style competitions where we get the staff to compete between themselves to up sell products which not only benefits us but also the staff as at the end of the quarter there is a prize for the winner. Brand We are a very stable, company to work for and during the last 30 years we have grown to have more than a 900 pubs all over the UK and Ireland. We are investing in people who seek talent and can help us grow the business we give them opportunities to suggest ideas and how we could improve the business. Being such a well-known brand also helps us attract the right talent and to be able to retain them due to the vast opportunities that we  are able to give them. Diversity We want people from all backgrounds as without them we would not be able to move forward as a business as we need diversity to create more ideas and challenge us in our everyday lives. We also offer everybody the opportunity to be able to take up the training programmes which can only benefits the organisation diversity. Identify and explain at least 3 organisational benefits of attracting a diverse workforce. Having a diverse work force can help with productivity as they may challenge other team members to have healthy competition to come up with ideas on how to improve the business by thinking outside the box. Also having diversity can help any business and we have such a diverse community wherever you are it can only help to have that in your business as we would be able to understand the needs of our community better. Also having a workforce that is diverse can help the organisation to grow and succeed by encouraging creativity. Also within any business we need our workforce to have different skills as they can bring different ideas to the table it also helps build confidence in the team as each member would feel that they would be able to contribute to the business. Describe 3 factors that affect an organisations approach to recruitment and selection. Within each organisation has to take into consideration when recruiting is the current economic climate during the last recession company growth has slowed down so the need to recruit began to slow down as people were less likely to leave as they need the security of a well-established company that was secure in the current climate. Within every organisation whether large or small there they would have a recruitment and selection policy, there are factors that affect the way in which they recruit and select. Firstly we have to ensure that there is a genuine vacancy when we have established this  we can then put in place the recruitment and selection process. We need the authority to be able to place a job advert and dependant on the type of job we are recruiting for would depend on where we would advertise. If it is a highly skilled job we need to advertise in the right places whether that would be a website, publication dedicated to that particular profession. We also look within our business to see whether we have staff that could potential fill the role that has become vacant. We have to ensure that we when we advertise we are not discriminating against age, race, social or educational background. Also when we are advertising a vacancy there are laws that affect the way we attract talent as we need to ensure when we word an advert, application forms to job descriptions that the words are not discriminative and not showing favourable treatment with regards to age, gender or disability. Recruitment Benefits Job advert via recruitment agencies We can depending on our budget place adverts in various publications that can be dedicated to the type of person we are wanting to attract it can also help us which a wide audience. We can also use recruitment agencies as they potentially may have people who are looking for a job within our business on their files. On line with a website dedicated to certain profession Advertising on line can be very cost effective and can reach all over the country and all over the world especially if we are looking for a type of skilled person to join our organisation. National campaign If a company is expanding especially like the organisation that I work for we place adverts in all our pubs Selection Benefits Application form When we advertise a vacancy on-line we can ask the potential employee to fill out our application form as on that form we would be able to get them to  answer questions which are specific to the criteria that we are looking for in a potential employee Telephone interview Telephone interviews is a cost effective way of screening candidates for a vacancy and through this method we can short list candidates and at the same time prepare them for interview Interview Interviews are a great benefit as it’s gives the employer a chance to meet face to face. Interviews can be done with a panel to ensure that there is fair practice and ensure that no discrimination has taken place. Explain 3 purposes of induction and how they benefit individuals and organisations. Inductions are hugely beneficial to both the new starters and organisations as at the inductions is where we can introduce the new starters to the culture of the company, the history of the organisation, health and safety and also introduce them to certain policies and procedures of the organisation which need to be explained to them before they start. For the new starter it can mean that they can hit the floor running as they have an understanding of the culture of the company making them feel at ease and also benefits us as we are safe in the knowledge that we have given them the best possible start to help them do the job that we employed them to do. Day Time Topic Who Tuesday 8am-830am House keeping Welcome to the company Line manager Company history 830-845am Message from the managing director Managing director video message. 845-9am Ice breaker Line manager 9-930am Company culture Expectations required from company employees. Line manager 930-10am Breaks 10-11am Company policies and procedures. Health and safety policy Fire and bomb procedures and what we do in the event of either. Food hygiene basic understanding of food safety. Line manager 11-1130am Team task asking the group to list ideas that they feel are potential hazards in the business and what we would need to look for and how to prevent accidents in the work place. Line manager Group activity 1130-midday Q&A Tour of the company Line manager 12-1215pm Training plans to be given employees Line manager 1215-1245pm Any other business Welcome package Contracts handed out Line manager Reference used in TMA Introduction to Human resource management Charles Leatherbarrow, Janet Fletcher and Donald Currie Home learning College VLC Resourcing Talent ecompanion